Halogenated analogues of anti-fibrotic agents

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to halogenated compounds of formula (I) with the substituents as described within the specification. The compounds may be useful as anti-fibrotic agents. The present invention also relates to methods for their preparation.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a national stage filing under 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Application No. PCT/AU2008/001868, filed on 19 Dec. 2008, which claims priority from U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/016,134 filed on 21 Dec. 2007, the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference.

FIELD

The present invention relates to derivatives of the anti-fibrotic drug, tranilast. More particularly, the present invention relates to halogenated cinnamoylbenzamide derivatives.

BACKGROUND

Anti-inflammatory agents have been used to treat fibrosis with the aim of suppressing chronic inflammation, but such treatments can be unsatisfactory in terms of efficacy and side effects. Numerous studies have been performed to obtain substances that inhibit the production or the activity of the cytokines thought to be involved in fibrosis. Tranilast (n-[3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl] anthranilic acid; product name Rizaben™) is an anti-fibrotic agent used in Japan for the treatment of fibrotic skin disorders such as keloids and scleroderma. Although the precise mechanisms and mode of action of tranilast are incompletely understood, its ability to inhibit ERK phosphorylation, a major intermediate in the TGF-β signalling pathway, may underlie its antifibrotic effects, with known actions of tranilast including the inhibition of TGF-β-induced extracellular matrix production in a range of cell types. Tranilast has also been shown to attenuate TGF-β-induced collagen synthesis in cardiac fibroblasts using an experimental model of diabetic cardiac disease, and to reduce inflammation in allergic diseases, such as allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma, etc. In addition, tranilast has been shown to have anti-proliferative activity.

However, it has recently been shown that genetic factors in certain patients may confer susceptibility to tranilast-induced hyperbilirubinemia. One possibility for how this may arise is the presence of Gilbert's syndrome polymorphisms of the glucuronosyltransferase UGT1A1, which leads to increased susceptibility to tranilast-induced hyperbilirubinemia. Such hyperbilirubinemia may result from the low level of UGT1A1 glucuronosyltransferase present in individuals with this syndrome. Tranilast itself, and its major metabolite N3 (4-desmethyl-tranilast), have been shown to be inhibitors of UGT1A1, potentially leading to aberrant metabolism of bilirubin and its accumulation.

Accordingly, compounds that are based on tranilast have the potential to provide compounds that may have pharmaceutical properties with potential anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative or anti-neoplastic activity, and as alternatives/adjuncts to tranilast. These compounds may also have altered and/or improved metabolism relative to tranilast.

SUMMARY

The present invention provides a compound of Formula (I)

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, wherein:

-   -   T is a single bond, a double bond or a triple bond;     -   R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are each independently selected from the         group consisting of: H, halogen, OH, NO₂, CN, NH₂, optionally         substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl,         optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, optionally substituted         C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl,         optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyl, optionally         substituted C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted         C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryl,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryl, optionally substituted         C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyloxy,         optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyloxy, optionally substituted         C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂         cycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyloxy,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyloxy, optionally         substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted         C₆-C₁₈ aryloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryloxy,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylamino, SR¹¹, SO₃H,         SO₂NR¹¹R¹², SO₂R¹¹, SONR¹¹R¹², SOR¹¹, COR¹¹, COOH, COOR¹¹,         CONR¹¹R¹², NR¹¹COR¹², NR¹¹COOR¹², NR¹¹SO₂R¹², NR¹¹CONR¹²R¹³,         NR¹¹R¹², and acyl; provided that at least one of R¹, R², R³, R⁴,         and R⁵ contains a halogen;     -   R⁶ and R⁷ are present when T is a single bond or a double bond         but not when T is a triple bond, each R⁶ and R⁷ being         independently selected from the group consisting of: H, NO₂, CN,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted         C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyl, optionally         substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂         cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl,         optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally         substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈         heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy, optionally         substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂         alkynyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyloxy,         optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyloxy, optionally         substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted         C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂         heterocycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryloxy,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryloxy, optionally         substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylamino, SR¹¹, SO₃H, SO₂NR¹¹R¹², SO₂R¹¹,         SONR¹¹R¹², SOR¹¹, COR¹¹, COOH, COOR¹¹, CONR¹¹R¹², NR¹¹COR¹²,         NR¹¹COOR¹², NR¹¹SO₂R¹², NR¹¹CONR¹²R¹³, NR¹¹R¹², and acyl;     -   R⁸ is selected from the group consisting of: H, a N-protecting         group, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, optionally         substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂         alkynyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyl, optionally         substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂         cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally         substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryl, and optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈         heteroaryl;     -   R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of: H, COOR¹¹,         CONR¹¹R¹², COSR¹¹, OR¹¹, NR¹¹R¹², and SR¹¹;     -   R¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of: H, halogen, OH,         NO₂, CN, NH₂, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, optionally         substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂         alkynyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyl, optionally         substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂         cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl,         optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally         substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈         heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy, optionally         substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂         alkynyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyloxy,         optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyloxy, optionally         substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted         C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂         heterocycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryloxy,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryloxy, optionally         substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylamino, SR¹¹, SO₃H, SO₂NR¹¹R¹², SO₂R¹¹,         SONR¹¹R¹², SOR¹¹, COR¹¹, COOH, COOR¹¹, CONR¹¹R¹², NR¹¹COR¹²,         NR¹¹COOR¹², NR¹¹SO₂R¹², NR¹¹CONR¹²R¹³, NR¹¹R¹², and acyl;     -   each R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ is independently selected from the group         consisting of H, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, optionally         substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂         alkynyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyl, optionally         substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂         cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally         substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryl, and optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈         heteroaryl;     -   m is an integer selected from the group consisting of 0, 1, 2,         3, and 4;     -   n is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3,         and 4, and 5; and     -   m+n is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3,         4, and 5.

As with any group of structurally related compounds which possess a particular utility, certain embodiments of variables of the compounds of the Formula (I), may be particularly useful in their end use application.

In some embodiments at least one of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy containing at least one halogen atom, C₁-C₁₂ alkenyloxy containing at least one halogen atom, and C₁-C₁₂ alkynyloxy containing at least one halogen atom. In some embodiments, the C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy group is of Formula (II):

wherein:

-   -   R¹⁴, R¹⁵, and R¹⁶ are each independently selected from the group         consisting of: H, halogen, OH, NO₂, CN, NH₂, optionally         substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, and optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂         alkenyl;     -   R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, and R²⁰ are each independently selected from the         group consisting of: H, halogen, OH, NO₂, CN, and NH₂;     -   at least one of R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, and R²⁰ is or         contains a halogen atom;     -   q is an integer selected from the group consisting of: 0, 1, 2,         3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10; and     -   r is an integer selected from the group consisting of: 0, 1, 2,         3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.

In some embodiments q and r are 0, and at least two of R¹⁴, R¹⁵, and R¹⁶ are a halogen.

The halogen may be selected from the group consisting of: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. In some embodiments the halogen is fluorine.

In some embodiments at least one of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ is the group —O—CHF₂. In some embodiments R³ is the group —O—CHF₂. In some embodiments R² and R³ are the group —O—CHF₂.

In some embodiments T is a double bond or a triple bond.

In some embodiments R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of: COOR¹¹ and CONR¹¹R¹². In some embodiments R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of: COOH, CONH₂, and CONHCH₃.

In some embodiments R⁹ is NR¹¹R¹². In some embodiments R⁹ is NH₂.

In some embodiments n is 1.

In some embodiments R¹⁰ is halogen.

In another aspect the present invention provides a compound of Formula (III)

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, wherein:

-   -   R¹, R², R⁴, and R⁵ are each independently selected from the         group consisting of: H, halogen, OH, NO₂, CN, NH₂, optionally         substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl,         optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, optionally substituted         C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl,         optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyl, optionally         substituted C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted         C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryl,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryl, optionally substituted         C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyloxy,         optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyloxy, optionally substituted         C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂         cycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyloxy,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyloxy, optionally         substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted         C₆-C₁₈ aryloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryloxy,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylamino, SR¹¹, SO₃H,         SO₂NR¹¹R¹², SO₂R¹¹, SONR¹¹R¹², SOR¹¹, COR¹¹, COOH, COOR¹¹,         CONR¹¹R¹², NR¹¹COR¹², NR¹¹COOR¹², NR¹¹SO₂R¹², NR¹¹CONR¹²R¹³,         NR¹¹R¹², and acyl; provided that at least one of R¹, R², R³, R⁴,         and R⁵ contains a halogen atom;     -   R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from the group         consisting of: H, NO₂, CN, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,         optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, optionally substituted         C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyl,         optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted         C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂         heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂         heterocycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryl,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryl, optionally substituted         C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyloxy,         optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyloxy, optionally substituted         C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂         cycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyloxy,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyloxy, optionally         substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted         C₆-C₁₈ aryloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryloxy,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylamino, SR¹¹, SO₃H,         SO₂NR¹¹R¹², SO₂R¹¹, SONR¹¹R¹², SOR¹¹, COR¹¹, COOH, COOR¹¹,         CONR¹¹R¹², NR¹¹COR¹², NR¹¹COOR¹², NR¹¹SO₂R¹², NR¹¹CONR¹²R¹³,         NR¹¹R¹², and acyl     -   R⁸ is selected from the group consisting of: H, a N-protecting         group, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂alkyl, optionally         substituted C₂-C₁₂alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂alkynyl,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀heteroalkyl, optionally substituted         C₃-C₁₂cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂cycloalkenyl,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl, optionally         substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally substituted         C₆-C₁₈aryl, and optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈heteroaryl;     -   R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of: COOR¹¹, CONR¹¹R¹²,         and NR¹¹R¹²;     -   R¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of: H, halogen, OH,         NO₂, CN, NH₂, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, optionally         substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂         alkynyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyl, optionally         substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂         cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl,         optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally         substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈         heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy, optionally         substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂         alkynyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyloxy,         optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyloxy, optionally         substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted         C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂         heterocycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryloxy,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryloxy, optionally         substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylamino, SR¹¹, SO₃H, SO₂NR¹¹R¹², SO₂R¹¹,         SONR¹¹R¹², SOR¹¹, COR¹¹, COOH, COOR¹¹, CONR¹¹R¹², NR¹¹COR¹²,         NR¹¹COOR¹², NR¹¹SO₂R¹², NR¹¹CONR¹²R¹³, NR¹¹R¹², and acyl;     -   each R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ is independently selected from the group         consisting of H, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂alkyl, optionally         substituted C₂-C₁₂alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂alkynyl,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀heteroalkyl, optionally substituted         C₃-C₁₂cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂cycloalkenyl,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl, optionally         substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally substituted         C₆-C₁₈aryl, and optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈heteroaryl; and     -   m is an integer selected from the group consisting of 0, 1, 2,         3, and 4.

In some embodiments R² is the group —O—CHF₂.

In some embodiments R² is selected from the group consisting of: optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy and optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyloxy.

In some embodiments R¹ is the group —O—CHF₂.

In some embodiments R⁴ is the group —O—CHF₂.

In some embodiments R⁵ is the group —O—CHF₂.

In some embodiments R¹ is selected from the group consisting of: optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy and optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyloxy.

In some embodiments R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of: optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy and optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyloxy.

In some embodiments R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of: optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy and optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyloxy.

In some embodiments R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from the group consisting of: H, and optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl.

In some embodiments R⁶ is CH₃.

In some embodiments R⁷ is CH₃.

In some embodiments R⁸ is H.

In some embodiments R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of: COOR¹¹ and CONR¹¹R¹². In some embodiments R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of: COOH, CONH₂, and CONHCH₃.

In some embodiments R⁹ is NR¹¹R¹². In some embodiments R⁹ is NH₂.

In some embodiments R¹⁰ is a halogen.

In some embodiments m is 1.

In another aspect the present invention provides a compound of Formula (IV)

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, wherein:

-   -   R¹, R⁴, and R⁵ are each independently selected from the group         consisting of: H, halogen, OH, NO₂, CN, NH₂, optionally         substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl,         optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, optionally substituted         C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl,         optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyl, optionally         substituted C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted         C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryl,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryl, optionally substituted         C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyloxy,         optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyloxy, optionally substituted         C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂         cycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyloxy,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyloxy, optionally         substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted         C₆-C₁₈ aryloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryloxy,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylamino, SR¹¹, SO₃H,         SO₂NR¹¹R¹², SO₂R¹¹, SONR¹¹R¹², SOR¹¹, COR¹¹, COOH, COOR¹¹,         CONR¹¹R¹², NR¹¹COR¹², NR¹¹COOR¹², NR¹¹SO₂R¹², NR¹¹CONR¹²R¹³,         NR¹¹R¹², and acyl; provided that at least one of R¹, R², R³, R⁴,         and R⁵ contains a halogen atom;     -   R⁸ is selected from the group consisting of: H, a N-protecting         group, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, optionally         substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂         alkynyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyl, optionally         substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂         cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally         substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryl, and optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈         heteroaryl;     -   R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of: COOR¹¹, CONR¹¹R¹²,         and NR¹¹R¹²;     -   R¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of: H, halogen, OH,         NO₂, CN, NH₂, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, optionally         substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂         alkynyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyl, optionally         substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂         cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl,         optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally         substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈         heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy, optionally         substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂         alkynyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyloxy,         optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyloxy, optionally         substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted         C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂         heterocycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryloxy,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryloxy, optionally         substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylamino, SR¹¹, SO₃H, SO₂NR¹¹R¹², SO₂R¹¹,         SONR¹¹R¹², SOR¹¹, COR¹¹, COOH, COOR¹¹, CONR¹¹R¹², NR¹¹COR¹²,         NR¹¹COOR¹², NR¹¹SO₂R¹², NR¹¹CONR¹²R¹³, NR¹¹R¹², and acyl;     -   each R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ is independently selected from the group         consisting of H, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, optionally         substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂         alkynyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyl, optionally         substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂         cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally         substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryl, and optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈         heteroaryl; and     -   m is an integer selected from the group consisting of: 0, 1, 2,         3, and 4.

In some embodiments R¹ is the group —O—CHF₂.

In some embodiments R⁴ is the group —O—CHF₂.

In some embodiments R⁵ is the group —O—CHF₂.

In some embodiments R¹ is selected from the group consisting of: optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy and optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyloxy.

In some embodiments R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of: optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy and optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyloxy.

In some embodiments R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of: optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy and optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyloxy.

In some embodiments R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from the group consisting of: H, and optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl.

In some embodiments R⁶ is CH₃.

In some embodiments R⁷ is CH₃.

In some embodiments R⁸ is H.

In some embodiments R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of: COOR¹¹ and CONR¹¹R¹². In some embodiments R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of: COOH, CONH₂, and CONHCH₃.

In some embodiments R⁹ is NR¹¹R¹². In some embodiments R⁹ is NH₂.

In some embodiments R¹⁰ is a halogen.

In some embodiments m is 1.

In another aspect the present invention provides a compound of Formula (V)

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, wherein:

-   -   R¹, R⁴, and R⁵ are each independently selected from the group         consisting of: H, halogen, OH, NO₂, CN, NH₂, optionally         substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl,         optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, optionally substituted         C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl,         optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyl, optionally         substituted C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted         C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryl,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryl, optionally substituted         C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyloxy,         optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyloxy, optionally substituted         C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂         cycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyloxy,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyloxy, optionally         substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted         C₆-C₁₈ aryloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryloxy,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylamino, SR¹¹, SO₃H,         SO₂NR¹¹R¹², SO₂R¹¹, SONR¹¹R¹², SOR¹¹, COR¹¹, COOH, COOR¹¹,         CONR¹¹R¹², NR¹¹COR¹², NR¹¹COOR¹², NR¹¹SO₂R¹², NR¹¹CONR¹²R¹³,         NR¹¹R¹², and acyl; provided that at least one of R¹, R², R³, R⁴,         and R⁵ contains a halogen atom;     -   R⁸ is selected from the group consisting of: H, a N-protecting         group, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, optionally         substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂         alkynyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyl, optionally         substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂         cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally         substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryl, and optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈         heteroaryl;     -   R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of: COOR¹¹, CONR¹¹R¹²,         and NR¹¹R¹²;     -   R¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of: H, halogen, OH,         NO₂, CN, NH₂, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, optionally         substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂         alkynyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyl, optionally         substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂         cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl,         optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally         substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈         heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy, optionally         substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂         alkynyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyloxy,         optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyloxy, optionally         substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted         C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂         heterocycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryloxy,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryloxy, optionally         substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylamino, SR¹¹, SO₃H, SO₂NR¹¹R¹², SO₂R¹¹,         SONR¹¹R¹², SOR¹¹, COR¹¹, COOH, COOR¹¹, CONR¹¹R¹², NR¹¹COR¹²,         NR¹¹COOR¹², NR¹¹SO₂R¹², NR¹¹CONR¹²R¹³, NR¹¹R¹², and acyl;     -   each R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ is independently selected from the group         consisting of H, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, optionally         substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂         alkynyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyl, optionally         substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂         cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl,         optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally         substituted C₆-C₁₈aryl, and optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈         heteroaryl; and     -   m is an integer selected from the group consisting of 0, 1, 2,         3, and 4.

In some embodiments R¹ is the group —O—CHF₂, R⁴ and R⁵ are H, whilst in other embodiments R⁴ is the group —O—CHF₂, R¹ and R⁵ are H. In still other embodiments R⁵ is the group —O—CHF₂, R¹ and R⁴ are H.

In some embodiments R⁸ is H.

In some embodiments R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of: COOR¹¹ and CONR¹¹R¹². In some embodiments R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of: COOH, CONH₂, and CONHCH₃.

In some embodiments R⁹ is NR¹¹R¹². In some embodiments R⁹ is NH₂.

In some embodiments R¹⁰ is a halogen.

In some embodiments m is 1.

Specific embodiments of the invention provide compounds selected from the group consisting of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

In addition to compounds of Formulae I, III, and IV, the embodiments disclosed are also directed to pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutically acceptable N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs, and pharmaceutically active metabolites of such compounds, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such metabolites.

The compounds of the present invention may have anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative or anti-neoplastic activity and may, therefore, find use as an alternative and/or adjunct to tranilast.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In this specification a number of terms are used which are well known to a skilled addressee. Nevertheless for the purposes of clarity a number of terms will be defined.

As used herein, the term unsubstituted means that there is no substituent or that the only substituents are hydrogen.

The term “optionally substituted” as used throughout the specification denotes that the group may or may not be further substituted or fused (so as to form a polycyclic system), with one or more non-hydrogen substituent groups. In certain embodiments the substituent groups are one or more groups independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, ═O, ═S, —CN, —NO₂, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkenyl, heterocycloalkylalkenyl, arylalkenyl, heteroarylalkenyl, cycloalkylheteroalkyl, heterocycloalkylheteroalkyl, arylheteroalkyl, heteroarylheteroalkyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycycloalkyl, alkoxyheterocycloalkyl, alkoxyaryl, alkoxyheteroaryl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, cycloalkyloxy, cycloalkenyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkenyloxy, aryloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, heteroaryloxy, arylalkyloxy, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, arylalkyloxy, amino, alkylamino, acylamino, aminoalkyl, arylamino, sulfonylamino, sulfinylamino, sulfonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, sulfinyl, alkylsulfinyl, arylsulfinyl, aminosulfinylaminoalkyl, —COOH, —COR¹¹, —C(O)OR¹¹, CONHR¹¹, NHCOR¹¹, NHCOOR¹¹, NHCONHR¹¹, C(═NOH)R¹¹. —SH, —SR¹¹, —OR¹¹, and acyl, wherein R¹¹ is H, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryl, and acyl.

“Alkyl” as a group or part of a group refers to a straight or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon group, such as a C₁-C₁₄ alkyl, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl or a C₁-C₆ unless otherwise noted. Examples of suitable straight and branched C₁-C₆ alkyl substituents include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 2-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, hexyl, and the like. The group may be a terminal group or a bridging group.

“Alkylamino” includes both mono-alkylamino and dialkylamino, unless specified. “Mono-alkylamino” means a —NH-Alkyl group, in which alkyl is as defined above. “Dialkylamino” means a —N(alkyl)₂ group, in which each alkyl may be the same or different and are each as defined herein for alkyl. The alkyl group may be a C₁-C₆ alkyl group. The group may be a terminal group or a bridging group.

“Arylamino” includes both mono-arylamino and di-arylamino unless specified. Mono-arylamino means a group of formula arylNH—, in which aryl is as defined herein. Di-arylamino means a group of formula (aryl)₂N— where each aryl may be the same or different and are each as defined herein for aryl. The group may be a terminal group or a bridging group.

“Acyl” means an alkyl-CO— group in which the alkyl group is as described herein. Examples of acyl include acetyl and benzoyl. The alkyl group may be a C₁-C₆ alkyl group. The group may be a terminal group or a bridging group.

“Alkenyl” as a group or part of a group denotes an aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond and which may be straight or branched such as a group having 2-14 carbon atoms, 2-12 carbon atoms, or 2-6 carbon atoms, in the normal chain. The group may contain a plurality of double bonds in the normal chain and the orientation about each is independently E or Z. Exemplary alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl and nonenyl. The group may be a terminal group or a bridging group.

“Alkoxy” refers to an —O-alkyl group in which alkyl is defined herein. The alkoxy may be a C₁-C₆ alkoxy. Examples include, but are not limited to, methoxy and ethoxy. The group may be a terminal group or a bridging group.

“Alkenyloxy” refers to an —O— alkenyl group in which alkenyl is as defined herein. Preferred alkenyloxy groups are C₂-C₆ alkenyloxy groups. The group may be a terminal group or a bridging group.

“Alkynyloxy” refers to an —O-alkynyl group in which alkynyl is as defined herein. Preferred alkynyloxy groups are C₂-C₆alkynyloxy groups. The group may be a terminal group or a bridging group.

“Alkoxycarbonyl” refers to an —C(O)—O-alkyl group in which alkyl is as defined herein. The alkyl group may be a C₁-C₆ alkyl group. Examples include, but not limited to, methoxycarbonyl and ethoxycarbonyl. The group may be a terminal group or a bridging group.

“Alkylsulfinyl” means a —S(O)-alkyl group in which alkyl is as defined above. The alkyl group is preferably a C₁-C₆ alkyl group. Exemplary alkylsulfinyl groups include, but not limited to, methylsulfinyl and ethylsulfinyl. The group may be a terminal group or a bridging group.

“Alkylsulfonyl” refers to a —S(O)₂-alkyl group in which alkyl is as defined above. The alkyl group may be a C₁-C₆ alkyl group. Examples include, but not limited to methylsulfonyl and ethylsulfonyl. The group may be a terminal group or a bridging group.

“Alkynyl” as a group or part of a group means an aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing a carbon-carbon triple bond and which may be straight or branched and may have from 2-14 carbon atoms, 2-12 carbon atoms, or 2-6 carbon atoms in the normal chain. Exemplary structures include, but are not limited to, ethynyl and propynyl. The group may be a terminal group or a bridging group.

“Alkylaminocarbonyl” refers to an alkylamino-carbonyl group in which alkylamino is as defined above. The group may be a terminal group or a bridging group.

“Cycloalkyl” refers to a saturated or partially saturated, monocyclic or fused or spiro polycyclic, carbocycle that may contain from 3 to 9 carbons per ring, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and the like, unless otherwise specified. It includes monocyclic systems such as cyclopropyl and cyclohexyl, bicyclic systems such as decalin, and polycyclic systems such as adamantane. The group may be a terminal group or a bridging group.

“Cycloalkenyl” means a non-aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring system containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond and may have from 5-10 carbon atoms per ring. Exemplary monocyclic cycloalkenyl rings include cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl or cycloheptenyl. The cycloalkenyl group may be substituted by one or more substituent groups. The group may be a terminal group or a bridging group.

The above discussion of alkyl and cycloalkyl substituents also applies to the alkyl portions of other substituents, such as without limitation, alkoxy, alkyl amines, alkyl ketones, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkylsulfonyl and alkyl ester substituents and the like.

“Cycloalkylalkyl” means a cycloalkyl-alkyl-group in which the cycloalkyl and alkyl moieties are as previously described. Exemplary monocycloalkylalkyl groups include cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl and cycloheptylmethyl. The group may be a terminal group or a bridging group.

“Halogen” represents fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.

“Heterocycloalkyl” refers to a saturated or partially saturated monocyclic, bicyclic, or polycyclic ring containing at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen. The heterocycloalkyl group may have from 1 to 3 heteroatoms in at least one ring. Each ring may be from 3 to 10 membered, such as 4 to 7 membered. Examples of suitable heterocycloalkyl substituents include pyrrolidyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydrothiofuranyl, piperidyl, piperazyl, tetrahydropyranyl, morphilino, 1,3-diazapane, 1,4-diazapane, 1,4-oxazepane, and 1,4-oxathiapane. The group may be a terminal group or a bridging group.

“Heterocycloalkenyl” refers to a heterocycloalkyl as described above but containing at least one double bond. The group may be a terminal group or a bridging group.

“Heterocycloalkylalkyl” refers to a heterocycloalkyl-alkyl group in which the heterocycloalkyl and alkyl moieties are as previously described. Exemplary heterocycloalkylalkyl groups include (2-tetrahydrofuryl)methyl, (2-tetrahydrothiofuranyl)methyl. The group may be a terminal group or a bridging group.

“Heteroalkyl” refers to a straight- or branched-chain alkyl group that may have from 2 to 14 carbons, such as 2 to 10 carbons in the chain, one or more of which has been replaced by a heteroatom selected from S, O, P and N. Exemplary heteroalkyls include alkyl ethers, secondary and tertiary alkyl amines, amides, alkyl sulfides, and the like. The group may be a terminal group or a bridging group. As used herein reference to the normal chain when used in the context of a bridging group refers to the direct chain of atoms linking the two terminal positions of the bridging group.

“Aryl” as a group or part of a group denotes (i) an optionally substituted monocyclic, or fused polycyclic, aromatic carbocycle (ring structure having ring atoms that are all carbon) that may have from 5 to 12 atoms per ring. Examples of aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, and the like; (ii) an optionally substituted partially saturated bicyclic aromatic carbocyclic moiety in which a phenyl and a C₅₋₇ cycloalkyl or C₅₋₇ cycloalkenyl group are fused together to form a cyclic structure, such as tetrahydronaphthyl, indenyl or indanyl. The group may be a terminal group or a bridging group.

“Arylalkenyl” means an aryl-alkenyl-group in which the aryl and alkenyl are as previously described. Exemplary arylalkenyl groups include phenylallyl. The group may be a terminal group or a bridging group.

“Arylalkyl” means an aryl-alkyl-group in which the aryl and alkyl moieties are as previously described. Preferred arylalkyl groups contain a C₁₋₅ alkyl moiety. Exemplary arylalkyl groups include benzyl, phenethyl and naphthelenemethyl. The group may be a terminal group or a bridging group.

“Heteroaryl” either alone or as part of a group refers to groups containing an aromatic ring (such as a 5 or 6 membered aromatic ring) having one or more heteroatoms as ring atoms in the aromatic ring with the remainder of the ring atoms being carbon atoms. Suitable heteroatoms include nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur. Examples of heteroaryl include thiophene, benzothiophene, benzofuran, benzimidazole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, benzisothiazole, naphtho[2,3-b]thiophene, furan, isoindolizine, xantholene, phenoxatine, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, indole, isoindole, 1H-indazole, purine, quinoline, isoquinoline, phthalazine, naphthyridine, quinoxaline, cinnoline, carbazole, phenanthridine, acridine, phenazine, thiazole, isothiazole, phenothiazine, oxazole, isooxazole, furazane, phenoxazine, 2-, 3- or 4-pyridyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, or 8-quinolyl, 1-, 3-, 4-, or 5-isoquinolinyl 1-, 2-, or 3-indolyl, and 2-, or 3-thienyl. The group may be a terminal group or a bridging group.

“Heteroarylalkyl” means a heteroaryl-alkyl group in which the heteroaryl and alkyl moieties are as previously described. The heteroarylalkyl groups may contain a lower alkyl moiety. Exemplary heteroarylalkyl groups include pyridylmethyl. The group may be a terminal group or a bridging group.

“Lower alkyl” as a group means, unless otherwise specified, an aliphatic hydrocarbon group which may be straight or branched having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the chain, for example 1 to 4 carbons such as methyl, ethyl, propyl (n-propyl or isopropyl) or butyl (n-butyl, isobutyl or tertiary-butyl). The group may be a terminal group or a bridging group.

As would be understood by the skilled person, throughout the synthesis of the compounds of Formula (I) it may be necessary to employ a protecting group on the amino group and/or on the carboxyl group in order to reversibly preserve a reactive amino or carboxyl functionality while reacting other functional groups on the compound. In such a case, the free amino group and/or the free carboxyl groups of the compounds of Formula (I) can be liberated either by deprotection of the amino group followed by deprotection of the acid moieties or vice versa.

Examples of suitable amino protecting groups that may be used include formyl, trityl, phthalimido, trichloroacetyl, chloroacetyl, bromoacetyl, iodoacetyl, and urethane-type blocking groups such as benzyloxycarbonyl (‘CBZ’), 4-phenylbenzyloxycarbonyl, 2-methylbenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-fluorobenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, 3-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, 2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, 2,4-dichlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-bromobenzyloxycarbonyl, 3-bromobenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl, 4cyanobenzyloxycarbonyl, t-butoxycarbonyl (‘tBoc’), 2-(4-xenyl)-isopropoxycarbonyl, 1,1-diphenyleth-1-yloxycarbonyl, 1,1-diphenylprop-1-yloxycarbonyl, 2-phenylprop-2-yloxycarbonyl, 2-(p-toluoyl)-prop-2-yloxycarbonyl, cyclopentanyloxy-carbonyl, 1-methylcyclopentanyloxycarbonyl, cyclohexanyloxycarbonyl, 1-methylcyclohexanyloxycarbonyl, 2-methylcyclohexanyloxycarbonyl, 2-(4-toluoylsulfono)-ethoxycarbonyl, 2-(methylsu lfono)ethoxycarbonyl, 2-(triphenylphosphino)-ethoxycarbonyl, fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (“FMOC”), 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxycarbonyl, allyloxycarbonyl, 1-(trimethylsilylmethyl)prop-1-enyloxycarbonyl, 5-benzisoxalylmethoxycarbonyl, 4-acetoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl, 2-ethynyl-2-propoxycarbonyl, cyclopropylmethoxycarbonyl, 4-(decycloxy)benzyloxycarbonyl, isobornyloxycarbonyl, 1-piperidyloxycarbonlyl and the like; benzoylmethylsulfono group, 2-nitrophenylsulfenyl, diphenylphosphine oxide, and the like. The actual amino protecting group employed is not critical so long as the derivatised amino group is stable to the condition of subsequent reaction(s) and can be selectively removed as required without substantially disrupting the remainder of the molecule including any other amino protecting group(s). Preferred amino-protecting groups are t-butoxycarbonyl (Boc), and benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz). Further examples of these groups are found in: Greene, T. W. and Wuts, P. G. M., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Second edition; Wiley-Interscience: 1991; Chapter 7; McOmie, J. F. W. (ed.), Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, Plenum Press, 1973; and Kocienski, P. J., Protecting Groups, Second Edition, Theime Medical Pub., 2000.

Examples of carboxyl protecting groups that may be used include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, p-nitrobenzyl, p-methyl benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl, 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzyl, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzyl, pentamethylbenzyl, 3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl, benzhydryl, 4,4′-dimethoxybenzhydryl, 2,2′4,4′-tetramethoxybenzhydryl, t-butyl, t-amyl, trityl, 4-methoxytrityl, 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl, 4,4,′4″-trimethoxytrityl, 2-phenylprop-2-yl, trimethylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, phenacyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, β-(di(n-butyl)methylsilyl)ethyl, p-toluenesulfonoethyl, 4-nitrobenzylsulfonoethyl, allyl, cinnamyl, 1-(trimethylsilylmethyl)prop-1-en-3-yl, and the like. Preferred carboxyl protecting groups are methyl and t-butyl. Further examples of these groups are found in: Greene, T. W. and Wuts, P. G. M., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Second edition; Wiley-Interscience: 1991; McOmie, J. F. W. (ed.), Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, Plenum Press, 1973; and Kocienski, P. J., Protecting Groups, Second Edition, Theime Medical Pub., 2000.

It is understood that included in the family of compounds of Formula (I) are isomeric forms including diastereoisomers, enantiomers, tautomers, and geometrical isomers in “E” or “Z” configurational isomer or a mixture of E and Z isomers. It is also understood that some isomeric forms such as diastereomers, enantiomers, and geometrical isomers can be separated by physical and/or chemical methods and by those skilled in the art.

Some of the compounds of the disclosed embodiments may exist as single stereoisomers, racemates, and/or mixtures of enantiomers and/or diastereomers. All such single stereoisomers, racemates and mixtures thereof, are intended to be within the scope of the subject matter described and claimed.

Additionally, formulae (I), (II), (III), (IV) and (V) are intended to cover, where applicable, solvated as well as unsolvated forms of the compounds. Thus, each formula includes compounds having the indicated structure, including the hydrated as well as the non-hydrated forms.

In addition to compounds of the formulae (I), (II), (III), (IV) and (V), the compounds of the various embodiments include pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, N-oxides and active metabolites of such compounds, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such metabolites.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to salts that retain the desired biological activity of the above-identified compounds, and include pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts and base addition salts. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of compounds of Formula (I) may be prepared from an inorganic acid or from an organic acid. Examples of such inorganic acids are hydrochloric, sulfuric, and phosphoric acid. Appropriate organic acids may be selected from aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, heterocyclic carboxylic and sulfonic classes of organic acids, examples of which are formic, acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, gluconic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, fumaric, maleic, alkyl sulfonic, arylsulfonic. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts of compounds of Formula (I) include metallic salts made from lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, aluminium, and zinc, and organic salts made from organic bases such as choline, diethanolamine, morpholine. Other examples of organic salts are: ammonium salts, quaternary salts such as tetramethylammonium salt; amino acid addition salts such as salts with glycine and arginine. Additional information on pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 19th Edition, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. 1995. In the case of agents that are solids, it is understood by those skilled in the art that the inventive compounds, agents and salts may exist in different crystalline or polymorphic forms, all of which are intended to be within the scope of the present invention and specified formulae.

“Prodrug” means a compound which is convertible in vivo by metabolic means (e.g. by hydrolysis, reduction or oxidation) to a compound of formula (I). For example an ester prodrug of a compound of formula (I) containing a hydroxyl group may be convertible by hydrolysis in vivo to the parent molecule. Suitable esters of compounds of formula (I) containing a hydroxyl group, are for example acetates, citrates, lactates, tartrates, malonates, oxalates, salicylates, propionates, succinates, fumarates, maleates, methylene-bis-β-hydroxynaphthoates, gestisates, isethionates, di-p-toluoyltartrates, methanesulphonates, ethanesulphonates, benzenesulphonates, p-toluenesulphonates, cyclohexylsulphamates and quinates. As another example an ester prodrug of a compound of formula (I) containing a carboxy group may be convertible by hydrolysis in vivo to the parent molecule. (Examples of ester prodrugs are those described by F. J. Leinweber, Drug Metab. Res., 18:379, 1987).

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers generally to a substance or composition that is compatible chemically and/or toxicologically with the other ingredients including a formulation, and/or the subject being treated.

The term “compounds of the present invention” (unless specifically identified otherwise) refers generally to compounds, prodrugs thereof, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds and/or prodrugs, and hydrates or solvates of the compounds, salts, and/or prodrugs, as well as all stereoisomers (including diastereoisomers and enantiomers), tautomers and isotopically labelled compounds. The compounds of the present invention may exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like, and it is intended that the invention embrace both solvated and unsolvated forms.

The term “derivative thereof” when used in reference to compounds of the present invention refers generally to prodrugs, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds and/or prodrugs, and hydrates or solvates of the compounds, salts, and/or prodrugs.

Compounds of the present invention are of Formula (I)

-   -   wherein T, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹²,         R¹³, m, and n are as previously defined. At least one of the         groups R¹, R², R³, R⁴ or R⁵ contains a halogen atom.

In some embodiments, one or more of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ is a fluoroalkoxy group. Examples of fluoro-substituted C₁₋₄ alkoxy groups include 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propoxy, 2-trifluoromethyl-2-propoxy, 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propoxy, perfluoro-tert-butoxy, 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butoxy, 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-butoxy, 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropoxy, perfluoroethoxy, 1,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, monofluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, and difluoromethoxy. In specific embodiments, at least one of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ is a difluoromethoxy group.

Specific compounds of the invention include compounds of any one of Formulae (III, (IV) or (V)

Even more specific compounds of the invention include the following:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

It will be evident from the foregoing description that compounds of the present invention are analogues of tranilast. As such, the compounds of the invention may have therapeutic uses and/or be used diagnostically or for screening purposes.

The compounds of the present invention may be prepared using the reaction routes and synthesis schemes as described below, employing the techniques available in the art using starting materials that are commercially available or can be synthesised using known procedures or adaptations thereof. Whilst the preparation of particular compounds is outlined below, the skilled person will also recognize that the chemical reactions described may be readily adapted to prepare a number of other agents of the various embodiments. For example, the synthesis of non-exemplified compounds may be successfully performed by modifications apparent to those skilled in the art, e.g. by appropriately protecting interfering groups, by changing to other suitable reagents known in the art, or by making routine modifications of reaction conditions. A list of suitable protecting groups in organic synthesis can be found in T. W. Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3^(rd) Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1991. Alternatively, other reactions disclosed herein or known in the art will be recognized as having applicability for preparing other compounds of the various embodiments.

Reagents useful for synthesizing compounds may be obtained or prepared according to techniques known in the art.

A synthetic route that may be suitable for producing compounds of Formula (I) is shown in Scheme 1. In this route, a substituted cinnamoyl benzamide (1) is prepared via a piperidine-catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation of an appropriately substituted carboxyacetamidobenzoic acid derivative (2) and an appropriately substituted benzaldehyde derivative (3).

The benzaldehyde precursor (3) required for the above reaction can either be obtained from commercial sources, or can be synthesized by alkylation of precursor phenolic benzaldehydes with appropriate alkyl halides, haloalkyl tosylates (derived in turn from the corresponding alcohols), haloacetate esters or salts, or chlorodifluoromethyl sulfones. For example, the alkylation may be carried out using CHF₂X (X=I, Br, Cl, OTs, etc), ClF₂SO₂Ph or ClF₂CC(O)OMe. The alkylation reactions can be performed using a suitable base, such as potassium carbonate, in a suitable solvent, such as acetone or DMF.

Carboxyacetamidobenzoic acid derivatives (2) can be obtained by the condensation of anthranilic acid derivatives with Meldrum's acid.

Another synthetic route that may be suitable for producing compounds of Formula (I) is shown in Scheme 2. In this route, a substituted cinnamic acid (3) is converted to the corresponding acid chloride (4) (or acid bromide) which then reacts with an aminobenzamide derivative or an orthophenylenediamine derivative (5).

Cinnamic acid derivatives (3) can be prepared by Knoevenagel condensation of benzaldehydes with malonic acid. Aminobenzamide derivatives (5) can be synthesized by the reaction of primary amines with isatoic anhydride.

To produce compounds of Formula (I) in which T is a single bond the cinnamoyl benzamide (1) can be reduced by hydrogenation with a suitable catalyst, such as palladium on carbon, RhCl(PPh₃)₃, or by any other methods known in the art (see J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York 1985, pp. 694).

The compounds of Formula (I) and intermediates in their synthesis can be isolated from a reaction mixture using standard work-up and purification procedures. Suitable procedures include solvent extraction, chromatography (thin or thick layer chromatography, HPLC, flash chromatography, MPLC, etc.), recrystallisation etc.

The present invention includes salts of the compounds of Formula (I). The salts may serve as intermediates in the purification of compounds or in the preparation of other, for example pharmaceutically acceptable, acid addition salts, or they may be useful for identification, characterisation or purification. The salts can exist in conjunction with the acidic or basic portion of the molecule and can exist as acid addition, primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary ammonium, alkali metal, or alkaline earth metal salts. Generally, acid addition salts are prepared by the reaction of an acid with a compound of Formula (I). The alkali metal and alkaline earth metal salts are generally prepared by the reaction of the hydroxide form of the desired metal salt with a compound of Formula (I).

Acid addition salts are preferably the pharmaceutically acceptable, non-toxic addition salts with suitable acids, such as those with inorganic acids, for example hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric, sulphuric or phosphoric acids, or with organic acids, such as organic carboxylic acids, for example, glycollic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, fumaric, malic, tartaric, citric, salicyclic, o-acetoxybenzoic, or organic sulphonic, 2-hydroxyethane sulphonic, toluene-p-sulphonic, or naphthalene-2-sulphonic acid.

The present invention also includes esters of the compounds of Formula (I), such esters being for example aliphatic esters such as alkyl esters. The esters of the compounds of Formula (I) may be pharmaceutically acceptable metabolically labile esters. These are ester derivatives of compounds of Formula (I) that are hydrolysed in vivo to afford the compound of Formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable alcohol. Examples of metabolically labile esters include esters formed with alkanols in which the alkanol moiety may be optionally substituted by an alkoxy group, for example methanol, ethanol, propanol and methoxyethanol.

The compounds of the various embodiments may be prepared using the reaction routes and synthesis schemes as described above, employing the techniques available in the art using starting materials that are readily available. The person skilled in the art will recognise that the chemical reactions described may be readily adapted to prepare a number of other compounds. For example, the synthesis of non-exemplified compounds may be successfully performed by modifications apparent to those skilled in the art, e.g. by appropriately protecting interfering groups, by changing to other suitable reagents known in the art, or by making routine modifications of reaction conditions. A list of suitable protecting groups in organic synthesis can be found in T. W. Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3^(rd) Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1991. Reagents useful for synthesizing compounds may be obtained or prepared according to techniques known in the art.

The utility of compounds of Formula (I) can be tested using any of the following methods:

-   -   (i) In a renal cell line by measuring proline incorporation         after transforming growth factor-β stimulation;     -   (ii) Matrix synthesis may be stimulated by platelet derived         growth factor (PDGF). Accordingly, mesangial cells incubated         with PDGF can be used to demonstrate proline incorporation,         which is an indicator of matrix synthesis and thereby a model         for fibrosis; or     -   (iii) Matrix synthesis may be stimulated by both angiotensin II         or transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). Accordingly,         neonatal cardiac fibroblasts incubated with angiotensin II or         TGF-β can be used to demonstrate proline incorporation, which is         an indicator of matrix synthesis and thereby a model for         fibrosis.

Examples of materials and methods for use with the compounds of the present invention will now be provided. In providing these examples, it is to be understood that the specific nature of the following description is not to limit the generality of the above description.

EXAMPLES Experimental

Electrospray ionization (ESI) high resolution mass spectra (HRMS) were obtained on a Finnigan hybrid LTQ-FT mass spectrometer (Thermo Electron Corp.). Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) and proton decoupled carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C NMR) spectra were obtained on Unity 400, Innova 400 or Innova 500 instruments (Melbourne, Australia) operating at 400 or 500 MHz for ¹H and at 100 or 125 MHz for ¹³C. All signals were referenced to solvent peaks (CDCl₃: 7.26 ppm for ¹H and 77.0 ppm for ¹³C; DMSO-d₆: 2.49 ppm for ¹H and 39.5 ppm for ¹³C). Infrared (IR) spectra were obtained using a PerkinElmer Spectrum One FT-IR spectrometer with zinc selenide/diamond Universal ATR Sampling Accessory. Melting points were obtained using a Reichert-Jung hot stage apparatus and are corrected. Analytical thin layer chromatography (TLC) was conducted on 2 mm thick silica gel GF₂₅₄. Compounds were visualised with solutions of 20% w/w phosphomolybdic acid in ethanol, 20% w/w potassium permanganate in water or under UV (365 nm). Flash chromatography was performed according to the method of Still et al.¹ with Merck Silica Gel 60. Petrol refers to the fraction boiling at 40-60° C. All other reagents were used as received.

Example 1 Synthesis of Compounds of Formula (I) 2-[(Carboxyacetyl)amino]benzoic acid

Anthranilic acid (300 g, 2.08 mol) was added to a solution of Meldrum's acid (272 g, 1.98 mol) in toluene (2.0 L). The reaction flask was fitted with a Dean-Stark apparatus and the suspension was heated to reflux for 3 h. The suspension was cooled, filtered, washed with toluene and dried. 2-[(Carboxyacetyl)amino]benzoic acid (381 g, 86%) was obtained as a colourless solid; mp 171-173° C.; δ_(H) (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 3.45 (br s, 2H, CH₂), 7.16 (t, J_(3,4)=J_(4,5)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H4), 7.59 (td, J_(4,5)=J_(5,6)=8.0, J_(3,5)=1.5 Hz, 1H, H5), 7.97 (dd, J_(3,4)=8.0, J_(3,5)=1.5 Hz, 1H, H3), 8.44 (d, J_(5,6)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H6), 11.27 (s, 1H, NH), 12.83 (br s, 1H, CO₂H), 13.57 (br s, 1H, CO₂H); δ_(C) (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 45.0, 117.0, 120.3, 123.1, 131.2, 134.1, 140.4, 164.9, 169.1, 169.3; ν_(max) 760, 1234, 1385, 1544, 1684, 1712, 2653, 2964, 3119 cm⁻¹.

3,4-Bis(difluoromethoxy)benzaldehyde & 4-difluoromethoxy-3-hydroxybenzaldehyde

Methyl chlorodifluoroacetate (15.3 mL, 145 mmol) was added to a suspension of 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (5.0 g, 36 mmol) and potassium carbonate (20.0 g, 145 mmol) in DMF (10 mL). The suspension was heated to 60° C. for 16 h and then diluted with water. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc and the combined organic fractions were washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, water, brine, dried and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography, eluting with 10% EtOAc/petrol to give 3,4-bis(difluoromethoxy)benzaldehyde (1.1 g, 13%) as a colourless oil; δ_(H) (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 6.60 (t, J=72 Hz, 1H, OCHF₂), 6.64 (t, J=72 Hz, 1H, OCHF₂), 7.42 (d, J_(5,6)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H5), 7.76-7.78 (m, 2H, H2, H6), 9.96 (s, 1H, CHO); δ_(C) (125 MHz, CDCl₃) 115.2 (t, J=259 Hz), 115.4 (t, J=259 Hz), 121.5, 122.2, 128.5, 134.2, 142.4, 147.0 189.7; ν_(max) 794, 1038, 1381, 1509, 1698, cm⁻¹. Further elution provided 4-difluoromethoxy-3-hydroxybenzaldehyde (1.43 g, 21%) as a colourless crystalline solid; mp 94-95° C. (recrystallized from EtOAc); δ_(H) (500 MHz, CDCl₃) 5.82 (s, 1H, OH), 6.65 (t, J=72.0 Hz, 1H, CHF₂), 7.27 (d, J_(5,6)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H5), 7.44 (dd, J_(5,6)=8.0, J_(2,6)=2.0 Hz, 1H, H6), 7.54 (d, J_(2,6)=2.0 Hz, 1H, H2), 9.92 (s, 1H, CHO); δ_(C) (125 MHz, CDCl₃) 115.6 (t, J=259 Hz), 117.1, 119.2, 123.1, 134.6, 142.9, 147.8, 190.9; ν_(max) 1087, 1237, 1508, 1592, 1686, 2859, 3313 cm⁻¹.

(E)-2-[[3,4-Bis(difluoromethoxy)phenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]amino]benzoic acid

Piperidine (100 μL, 1.01 mmol) was added to a suspension of 3,4-bis(difluoromethoxy)benzaldehyde (240 mg, 1.01 mmol) and 2-[(carboxyacetyl)amino]benzoic acid (204 mg, 0.92 mmol) in toluene (5.0 mL). The reaction flask was fitted with a Dean-Stark apparatus and heated to reflux for 30 min. The reaction was then cooled to rt and the resulting suspension was filtered and washed with toluene. The piperidinium salt was dissolved in MeOH (5 mL) and water (2 mL) and the solution was acidified with 50% aqueous AcOH. The crude product was collected by filtration and recrystallised from EtOH/water, filtered and washed with water to afford (E)-2-[[3,4-bis(difluoromethoxy)phenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]amino]benzoic acid (259 mg, 71%) as a colourless crystalline solid; mp 190-193° C.; δ_(H) (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 6.96 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H, CH═CHCO), 7.18 (t, J_(3,4)=J_(4,5)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H4), 7.27 (t, J=73 Hz, 1H, OCHF₂), 7.38 (d, J_(5′,6′)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H5′), 7.61 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H, CH═CHCO), 7.62 (t, J_(4,5)=J_(5,6)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H5), 7.78 (d, J_(2′,6′)=1.6 Hz, 1H, H2′), 7.68 (dd, J_(5′,6′)=8.0, J_(2′,6′)=1.6 Hz, 1H, H6′), 8.00 (d, J_(3,4)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H3), 8.69 (d, J_(5,6)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H6), 11.35 (s, 1H, NH), 13.56 (br s, 1H, CO₂H); δ_(C) (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 116.3 (t, J=258 Hz), 116.5 (t, J=258 Hz), 117.0, 120.1, 120.5, 120.8, 123.0, 123.8, 126.7, 131.1, 132.8, 133.9, 139.3, 140.7, 141.9, 142.7, 163.5, 169.4; HRMS (ESI⁻) calculated for C₁₈H₁₃F₄NO₅ [M-H ]⁻ 398.0646, found 398.0652; ν_(max) 1034, 1217, 1513, 1604, 1683, 2892, 3466 cm⁻¹.

5-Bromo-2-[(carboxyacetyl)amino]benzoic acid

5-Bromoanthranilic acid (0.30 g, 1.4 mmol) was added to a solution of Meldrum's acid (0.24 g, 1.7 mmol) in toluene (5.0 mL). The reaction flask was fitted with a Dean-Stark apparatus and the suspension was heated to reflux for 3 h. The suspension was cooled, filtered, washed with toluene and dried. Crude 5-bromo-2-[(carboxyacetyl)amino]benzoic acid (0.34 g, 81%) was obtained as a colourless solid; mp 203-206° C.; δ_(H) (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 3.48 (s, 2H, CH₂), 7.78 (d, J_(3,4)=8.4 Hz, 1H, H4), 8.04 (s, 1H, H6), 8.40 (d, J_(3,4)=8.4 Hz, 1H, H3), 11.20 (s, 1H, NH), 12.80 (br s, 1H, CO₂H); δ_(C) (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 44.7, 114.5, 119.4, 122.5, 133.1, 136.4, 139.4, 164.7, 167.8, 168.9; ν_(max) 1224, 1373, 1520, 1683, 2985 cm⁻¹.

(E)-2-[[3,4-Bis(difluoromethoxy)phenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]amino]-5-bromobenzoic acid

Piperidine (100 μL, 1.01 mmol) was added to a suspension of 3,4-bis(difluoromethoxy)benzaldehyde (240 mg, 1.01 mmol) and 2-[(carboxyacetyl)amino]-5-bromobenzoic acid (277 mg, 0.92 mmol) in toluene (5.0 mL). The reaction flask was fitted with a Dean-Stark apparatus and heated to reflux for 30 min. The reaction was then cooled to rt and the resulting suspension was filtered and washed with toluene. The piperidinium salt was dissolved in MeOH (5 mL) and water (2 mL) and the solution was acidified with 50% aqueous AcOH. The crude product was collected by filtration and recrystallised from EtOH/water and filtered to afford (E)-2-[[3,4-bis(difluoromethoxy)phenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]amino]-5-bromobenzoic acid (198 mg, 45%) as a colourless crystalline solid; mp 223-226° C.; δ_(H) (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 6.96 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H, CH═CHCO), 7.26 (t, J=73 Hz, 1H, OCHF₂), 7.27 (t, J=73 Hz, 1H, OCHF₂), 7.38 (d, J_(5′,6′)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H5′), 7.61 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H, CH═CHCO), 7.68 (dd, J_(5′,6′)=8.0, J_(2′,6′)=1.6 Hz, 1H, H6′), 7.78 (d, J_(2′,6′)=1.6 Hz, 1H, H2′), 7.80 (dd, J_(3,4)=9.2, J_(4,6)=2.8 Hz, 1H, H4), 8.08 (d, J_(4,6)=2.8 Hz, 1H, H6), 8.55 (d, J_(3,4)=9.2 Hz, 1H, H3), 11.28 (s, 1H, NH); δ_(C) (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 116.3 (t, J=259 Hz), 116.5 (t, J=259 Hz), 116.5, 119.3, 120.1, 120.8, 122.6, 123.5, 126.7, 132.7, 133.2, 136.4, 139.7, 139.8, 141.9, 142.8, 163.6, 168.0; HRMS (ESL) calculated for C₁₈H₁₂BrF₄NO₅ [M-H ]⁻ 475.9751, found 475.9752; ν_(max) 1102, 1152, 1509, 1595, 1673, 1694, 3128 cm⁻¹.

4-(Difluoromethoxy)-3-methoxybenzaldehyde

Methyl chlorodifluoroacetate (1.4 mL, 13 mmol) was added to a suspension of vanillin (1.0 g, 6.6 mmol) and potassium carbonate (2.0 g, 14 mol) in DMF (10 mL). The suspension was heated to 65-70° C. for 16 h and the suspension was diluted with water. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc and the combined organic fractions were washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, water, brine, dried and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography, eluting with 10% EtOAc/petrol to give 4-(difluoromethoxy)-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (0.54 g, 41%) as a colourless oil; δ_(H) (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 3.95 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 6.60 (t, J=74 Hz, 1H, OCHF₂), 7.30 (d, J_(5,6)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H5), 7.45 (dd, J_(5,6)=8.0, J_(2,6)=2.0 Hz, 1H, H6), 7.50 (d, J_(2,6)=2.0 Hz, 1H, H2), 9.93 (s, 1H, CHO); δ_(C) (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 56.2, 110.9, 115.5 (t, J=256 Hz), 121.5, 125.0, 134.5, 144.9, 151.5, 190.8.

(E)-2-[[3-Methoxy-4-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]amino]benzoic acid

Piperidine (0.25 mL, 2.6 mmol) was added to a suspension of 4-(difluoromethoxy)-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (0.52 g, 2.6 mmol) and 2-[(carboxyacetyl)amino]benzoic acid (0.52 mg, 2.6 mmol) in toluene (5.0 mL). The reaction flask was fitted with a Dean-Stark apparatus and heated to reflux for 30 min. The reaction was then cooled to rt and the resulting suspension was filtered and washed with toluene. The piperidinium salt was dissolved in MeOH (5 mL) and water (2 mL) and the solution was acidified with 50% aqueous AcOH. The crude product was collected by filtration and recrystallised from EtOH/water, filtered and washed with water to afford (E)-2-[[3-methoxy-4-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]amino]benzoic acid (259 mg, 71%) as a colourless crystalline solid; mp 172-174° C.; δ_(H) (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 3.90 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 6.94 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H, CH═CHCO), 7.12 (t, J=75 Hz, 1H, OCHF₂), 7.17 (t, J_(3,4)=J_(4,5)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H4), 7.20 (d, J_(5′,6′)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H5′), 7.32 (dd, J_(5′,6′)=8.0, J_(2′,6′)=2.0 Hz, 1H, H6′), 7.56 (d, J_(2′,6′)=2.0 Hz, 1H, H2′), 7.61 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H, CH═CHCO), 7.62 (dt, J_(4,5)=J_(5,6)=8.0, J_(3,5)=1.5 Hz, 1H, H5), 8.00 (dd, J_(3,4)=8.0, J_(3,5)=1.5 Hz, 1H, H3), 8.61 (d, J_(5,6)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H6), 11.33 (s, 1H, NH), 13.60 (br s, 1H, CO₂H); δ_(C) (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 56.1, 112.3, 114.5, 116.5 (t, J=256 Hz), 116.8, 120.4, 120.8, 121.4, 122.7, 122.9, 131.1, 132.9, 134.0, 140.6, 140.8, 150.7, 163.7, 169.4; HRMS (ESI⁻) calculated for C₁₈H₁₅F₂NO₅ [M-H ]⁻ 362.0835, found 362.0839; ν_(max) 1032, 1260, 1586, 1604, 1661, 2988, 3509 cm⁻¹.

3-(But-2-ynyloxy)-4-difluoromethoxybenzaldehyde

But-2-ynyl bromide (0.29 mL, 3.4 mmol) was added to a suspension of 4-difluoromethoxy-3-hydroxybenzaldehyde (0.43 g, 2.3 mmol) and potassium carbonate (0.95 g, 6.9 mmol) in acetonitrile (5 mL). The suspension was heated to reflux for 16 h and then concentrated under reduced pressure. Water was added and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic fractions were washed with water, brine, dried. The product was concentrated under reduced pressure providing 3-(but-2-ynyloxy)-4-difluoromethoxybenzaldehyde (0.53 g, 97%) as a yellow crystalline solid; mp 46-47° C.; δ_(H) (500 MHz, CDCl₃) 1.86 (t, J=2.5 Hz, 3H, C≡CCH₃), 4.81 (q, J=2.5 Hz, 2H, OCH₂), 6.68 (t, J=72.0 Hz, 1H, CHF₂), 7.33 (d, J_(5,6)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H5), 7.50 (dd, J_(5,6)=8.0, J_(2,6)=2.0 Hz, 1H, H6), 7.63 (d, J_(2,6)=2.0 Hz, 1H, H2), 9.96 (s, 1H, CHO); δ_(C) (125 MHz, CDCl₃) 3.7, 57.5, 72.7, 85.3, 113.4, 115.6 (t, J=256 Hz), 121.8, 125.1, 134.4, 145.3, 149.7, 190.7; ν_(max) 1123, 1268, 1435, 1505, 1597, 1698, 2858 cm⁻¹.

(E)-3-(3-(But-2-ynyloxy)-4-difluoromethoxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid

A solution of 3-(but-2-ynyloxy)-4-difluoromethoxybenzaldehyde (0.53 g, 2.2 mmol) and malonic acid (0.34 g, 3.3 mmol) in a mixture of piperidine (0.2 mL) and pyridine (5.0 mL) was heated to 120° C. and stirred for 16 h. The mixture was cooled to rt and acidified with 1 M HCl. The crude product was collected by filtration and recrystallised from acetonitrile to give (E)-3-(3-(but-2-ynyloxy)-4-difluoromethoxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid (0.38 g, 61%) as a colourless crystalline solid; mp 206-208° C.; δ_(H) (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 1.84 (t, J=2.2 Hz, 3H, C≡CH₃), 4.87 (q, J=2.2 Hz, 2H, OCH₂), 6.55 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H, CH═CHCO₂H), 7.13 (t, J=72.0 Hz, 1H, CHF₂), 7.19 (d, J_(5,6)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H5), 7.30 (dd, J_(5,6)=8.0, J_(2,6)=2.0 Hz, 1H, H6), 7.52 (d, J_(2,6)=2.0 Hz, 1H, H2), 7.54 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H, CH═CHCO₂H), 12.41 (br s, 1H, CO₂H); δ_(C) (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 3.1, 56.8, 74.1, 84.1, 113.6, 116.4 (t, J=256 Hz), 119.7, 120.6, 122.0, 132.4, 141.2, 142.9, 148.6, 167.4; ν_(max) 1011, 1113, 1267, 1516, 1629, 1686, 2578, 2924 cm⁻¹.

(E)-2-[[3-(3-(But-2-ynyloxy)-4-difluoromethoxyphenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]amino]-5-chloro-N-methylbenzamide

A suspension of (E)-3-(3-(but-2-ynyloxy)-4-difluoromethoxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid (0.32 g, 1.1 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was treated with oxalyl chloride (0.38 mL, 6.8 mmol) and catalytic DMF (1 drop). The solution was stirred at rt for 2 h and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give the acid chloride as a yellow solid. A solution of the acid chloride (1.1 mmol) in pyridine (3.0 mL) was added to a cooled solution of 2-amino-5-chloro-N-methylbenzamide (0.47 g, 2.5 mmol) in pyridine (2.0 mL) at 0° C. The suspension was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, warmed to rt and stirred for 16 h and then acidified with 1 M HCl. The precipitate was collected by filtration and recrystallised from acetonitrile providing (E)-2-[[3-(3-(but-2-ynyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]amino]-4-chloro-N-methylbenzamide (0.10 g, 20%) as a colourless crystalline solid; mp 172-173° C.; δ_(H) (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 1.83 (t, J=2.5 Hz, 3H, C≡CCH₃), 2.77 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 3H, NHCH₃), 4.87 (q, J=2.5 Hz, 2H, OCH₂), 6.84 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H, CH═CHCO), 7.11 (t, J=72.0 Hz, 1H, CHF₂), 7.18 (d, J_(5′,6′)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H5′), 7.31 (dd, J_(3,4′)=8.0, J_(4,6)=2.0 Hz, 1H, H4), 7.54-7.57 (m, 2H, H2′, H6′), 7.53 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H, CH═CHCO), 7.77 (d, J_(5,6)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H6), 8.53 (d, J_(3,5)=2.0 Hz, 1H, H3), 8.83 (m, 1H, NHCH₃), 11.52 (s, 1H, NH); δ_(C) (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 3.1, 26.3, 56.9, 74.2, 84.1, 113.7, 116.4 (t, J=256 Hz), 120.6, 122.1, 122.5, 122.6, 126.6, 127.6, 131.4, 132.5, 137.8, 140.5, 141.1, 148.6, 163.5, 167.3; HRMS (ESI⁺) calculated for C₂₂H₁₉ClF₂N₂O₄ [M+Na]⁺ 471.0894, found 471.0894; ν_(max) 1122, 1260, 1505, 1596, 1620, 1662, 3294 cm⁻¹.

(E)-3,4-Bis(difluoromethoxy)phenyl-2-propenoic acid

A solution of 3,4-bis(difluoromethoxy)benzaldehyde (0.41 g, 1.7 mmol) and malonic acid (0.27 g, 2.6 mmol) in a mixture of piperidine (0.2 mL) and pyridine (5.0 mL) was heated to 120° C. and stirred for 16 h. The mixture was cooled to rt and acidified with 1 M HCl. The crude product was collected by filtration and recrystallised from EtOH to give (E)-3,4-bis(difluoromethoxy)phenyl-2-propenoic acid (0.38 g, 79%) as a colourless crystalline solid; mp 152-154° C.; δ_(H) (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 6.57 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H, CH═CHCO₂H), 7.24 (t, J=72.0 Hz, 1H, CHF₂), 7.25 (t, J=72.0 Hz, 1H, CHF₂), 7.36 (d, J_(5,6)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H5), 7.57 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H, CH═CHCO₂H), 7.63 (dd, J_(5,6)=8.0, J_(2,6)=2.0 Hz, 1H, H6), 7.72 (d, J_(2,6)=2.0 Hz, 1H, H2), 12.48 (br s, 1H, CO₂H); δ_(C) (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆); 117.0 (t, J=256 Hz), 117.1 (t, J=256 Hz), 120.7, 121.4, 121.5, 127.2, 133.4, 142.5, 142.6, 143.5, 167.9; ν_(max) 1037, 1266, 1519, 1632, 1692, 2596, 2971 cm⁻¹.

(E)-2-[[3,4-Bis(difluoromethoxy)phenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]amino]-5-chloro-N-methylbenzamide

A suspension of (E)-3,4-bis(difluoromethoxy)phenyl-2-propenoic acid (0.10 g, 0.42 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was treated with oxalyl chloride (0.14 mL, 1.7 mmol) and catalytic DMF (1 drop). The solution was stirred at rt for 1 h and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give the acid chloride as a yellow solid. A solution of the acid chloride (0.42 mmol) in pyridine (2.0 mL) was added to a cooled solution of 2-amino-5-chloro-N-methylbenzamide (0.12 g, 0.63 mmol) in pyridine (2.0 mL) at 0° C. The suspension was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, warmed to rt and stirred for 16 h and then acidified with 1 M HCl. The precipitate was collected by filtration and recrystallised from EtOH/water providing (E)-2-[[3,4-bis(difluoromethoxy)phenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]amino]-5-chloro-N-methylbenzamide (80 mg, 43%) as a pale brown crystalline solid; mp 185.5-187.5° C.; δ_(H) (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 2.81 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 3H, NHCH₃), 6.93 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H, CH═CHCO), 7.26 (t, J=73 Hz, 1H, OCHF₂), 7.27 (t, J=73 Hz, 1H, OCHF₂), 7.37 (d, J_(5′,6′)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H5′), 7.57 (dd, J_(5′,6′)=8.0, J_(2′,6′)=1.6 Hz, 1H, H6′), 7.59 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H, CH═CHCO), 7.66 (dd, J_(3,4)=8.5, J_(4,6)=2.0 Hz, 1H, H4), 7.80 (m, 2H, H2′, H6), 8.56 (d, J_(3,4)=8.5 Hz, 1H, H3), 8.85 (m, 1H, NHCH₃), 11.54 (s, 1H, NH); δ_(C) (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 26.3, 116.3 (t, J=259 Hz), 116.5 (t, J=259 Hz), 119.9, 120.7, 122.5, 122.6, 123.5, 126.6, 126.7, 127.7, 131.4, 132.8, 137.7, 139.4, 141.9, 142.7, 163.3, 167.3; HRMS (ESI⁺) calculated for C₁₉H₁₅ClF₄N₂O₄ [M+Na]⁺ 469.0549, found 469.0549; ν_(max) 1052, 1267, 1508, 1633, 1684, 3303 cm⁻¹.

(E)-2-[[3,4-Bis(difluoromethoxy)phenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]amino]-4-chloro-N-methylbenzamide

A suspension of (E)-3,4-bis(difluoromethoxy)phenyl-2-propenoic acid (0.10 g, 0.42 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was treated with oxalyl chloride (0.14 mL, 1.7 mmol) and catalytic DMF (1 drop). The solution was stirred at rt for 1 h and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give the acid chloride as a yellow solid. A solution of the acid chloride (0.42 mmol) in pyridine (2.0 mL) was added to a cooled solution of 2-amino-4-chloro-N-methylbenzamide (0.12 g, 0.63 mmol) in pyridine (2.0 mL) at 0° C. The suspension was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, warmed to rt and stirred for 16 h and then acidified with 1 M HCl. The precipitate was collected by filtration and recrystallised from EtOH/water providing (E)-2-[[3,4-bis(difluoromethoxy)phenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]amino]-5-chloro-N-methylbenzamide (95 mg, 51%) as a pale brown crystalline solid; mp 191.5-195.5° C.; δ_(H) (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 2.82 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 3H, NHCH₃), 6.94 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H, CH═CHCO), 7.27 (t, J=73 Hz, 1H, OCHF₂), 7.28 (t, J=73 Hz, 1H, OCHF₂), 7.26 (dd, J_(5,6)=8.0, J_(3,5)=1.6 Hz, 1H, H5), 7.39 (d, J_(5′,6′)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H5′), 7.59 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H, CH═CHCO), 7.69 (dd, J_(5′,6′)=8.5, J_(2′,6′)=2.5 Hz, 1H, H6′), 7.77 (d, J_(5,6)=2.5 Hz, 1H, H6), 7.80 (d, J_(2′,6′)=2.5 Hz, 1H, H2′), 8.67 (d, J_(3,5)=2.5 Hz, 1H, H3), 8.84 (m, 1H, NHCH₃), 11.82 (s, 1H, NH); δ_(C) (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 26.3, 116.3 (t, J=259 Hz), 116.5 (t, J=259 Hz), 119.2, 119.9, 119.9, 120.7, 122.6, 123.4, 126.8, 129.6, 132.7, 136.2, 139.7, 140.2, 141.9, 142.8, 163.5, 167.8; HRMS (ESI⁺) calculated for C₁₉H₁₅ClF₄N₂O₄ [M+Na]⁺ 469.0549, found 469.0546; ν_(max) 1038, 1113, 1260, 1505, 1578, 1626, 3025, 3382 cm⁻¹.

4-(Difluoromethoxy)-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde

Methyl chlorodifluoroacetate (0.58 mL, 5.5 mmol) was added to a suspension of 4-hydroxy-3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (0.50 g, 2.7 mmol) and potassium carbonate (0.76 g, 5.5 mol) in DMF (5.0 mL). The suspension was heated to 65-70° C. for 16 h and the suspension was diluted with water. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc and the combined organic fractions were washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, water, brine, dried and concentrated. The crude product was recrystallised from EtOAc/petrol providing 4-(difluoromethoxy)-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (0.25 g, 39%) as a colourless crystalline solid; mp 113-115° C.; δ_(H) (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 3.95 (s, 6H, OCH₃), 6.65 (t, J=74 Hz, 1H, OCHF₂), 7.15 (s, 2H, H2, H6), 9.91 (s, 1H, CHO); δ_(C) (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ6.5, 106.3, 116.2 (t, J=256 Hz), 134.1, 153.5, 190.8; ν_(max) 831, 1048, 1099, 1330, 1600, 1699, 2854 cm⁻¹.

(E)-2-[[4-(difluoromethoxy)-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]amino]benzoic acid

Piperidine (110 μL, 1.10 mmol) was added to a suspension of 4-(difluoromethoxy)-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (200 mg, 1.10 mmol) and 2-[(carboxyacetyl)amino]benzoic acid (233 mg, 1.05 mmol) in toluene (5.0 mL). The reaction flask was fitted with a Dean-Stark apparatus and heated to reflux for 30 min. The reaction was then cooled to rt and the resulting suspension was filtered and washed with toluene. The piperidinium salt was dissolved in MeOH (4 mL) and water (2 mL) and the solution was acidified with 20% aqueous AcOH. The crude product was collected by filtration and recrystallised from EtOH/water and filtered to afford (E)-2-[[4-(difluoromethoxy)-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]amino]benzoic acid (210 mg, 51%) as a pale yellow crystalline solid; mp 211-215° C.; δ_(H) (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 3.87 (s, 6H, OCH₃), 6.87 (t, J=75 Hz, 1H, OCHF₂), 6.98 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H, CH═CHCO), 7.17 (s, 2H, H2′, H6′), 7.18 (t, J_(4,5)=J_(5,6)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H5), 7.61 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H, CH═CHCO), 7.62 (t, J_(3,4)=J_(4,5)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H4), 8.00 (d, J_(5,6)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H6), 8.61 (d, J_(3,4)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H3), 11.33 (s, 1H, NH), 13.60 (s, 1H, CO₂H); δ_(C) (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 56.4, 105.5, 116.8 117.2 (t, J=259 Hz), 120.4, 122.9, 123.1, 129.6, 131.1, 132.9, 134.0, 140.8, 141.1, 152.6, 163.7, 169.4; ν_(max) 1153, 1113, 1224, 1506, 1593, 1694, 2602, 2946 cm⁻¹.

2-[(2-Carboxy-1-oxopropyl)amino]benzoic acid

Anthranilic acid (1.00 g, 7.29 mmol) was added to a solution of 2,2,5-trimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione (1.27 g, 8.02 mmol) in toluene (10 mL). The reaction flask was fitted with a Dean-Stark apparatus and the suspension was heated to reflux for 3 h. The suspension was cooled, filtered, washed with toluene and dried. 2-[(2-Carboxy-1-oxopropyl)amino]benzoic acid (1.46 g, 85%) was obtained as a colourless solid; δ_(H) (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 1.31 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H, CH₃), 3.52 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H, CH), 7.16 (t, J_(3,4)=J_(4,5)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H4), 7.59 (td, J_(4,5)=J_(5,6)=8.0, J_(3,5)=1.5 Hz, 1H, H5), 7.98 (dd, J_(3,4)=8.0, J_(3,5)=1.5 Hz, 1H, H3), 8.46 (d, J_(5,6)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H6), 11.36 (s, 1H, NH), 12.87 (br s, 1H, CO₂H), 13.52 (br s, 1H, CO₂H); δ_(C) (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 13.6, 48.4, 116.7, 120.0, 122.9, 131.1, 134.1, 140.5, 168.2, 169.4, 171.6. ν_(max) 1172, 1251, 1587, 1679, 2553, 2941, 2990, 3332 cm⁻¹.

(E)-2-[[3-(3,4-bis(difluoromethoxyl)phenyl-2-methyl-1-oxo-2-propenyl]amino]benzoic acid

Piperidine (87 μL, 0.88 mmol) was added to a suspension of 3,4-bis(difluoromethoxy)benzaldehyde (210 mg, 0.88 mmol) and 2-[(2-carboxy-1-oxopropyl)amino]benzoic acid (199 mg, 0.84 mmol) in toluene (5.0 mL). The reaction flask was fitted with a Dean-Stark apparatus and heated to reflux for 30 min. The reaction was then cooled to rt and the resulting suspension was filtered and washed with toluene. The piperidinium salt was dissolved in MeOH (3 mL) and water (2 mL) and the solution was acidified with 20% aqueous AcOH. The crude product was collected by filtration and recrystallised from EtOH/water and filtered to afford (E)-2-[[3-(3,4-bis(difluoromethoxyl)phenyl-2-methyl-1-oxo-2-propenyl]amino]benzoic acid (130 mg, 37%) as a pale yellow crystalline solid; mp 151-153° C.; δ_(H) (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 3.87 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 3H, CH₃), 7.18 (t, J_(4,5)=J_(5,6)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H5), 7.25 (t, J=75 Hz, 1H, OCHF₂), 7.26 (t, J=75 Hz, 1H, OCHF₂), 7.41-7.48 (m, 3H, H2′, H5′, H6′), 7.63 (t, J_(3,4)=J_(4,5)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H4), 8.03 (d, J_(5,6)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H6), 8.66 (d, J_(3,4)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H3), 11.82 (s, 1H, NH), 13.72 (s, 1H, CO₂H); δ_(C) (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 13.9, 116.3 (t, J=259 Hz), 116.4 (t, J=259 Hz), 119.8, 120.8, 121.9, 122.8, 127.5, 131.2, 132.5, 133.7, 133.8, 134.2, 141.1, 141.3, 141.4, 166.5, 169.8; ν_(max) 1028, 1128, 1382, 1514, 1579, 1679, 3040 cm⁻¹.

6.94 (d, J_(5′,6′)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H5′), 7.19 (dd, J_(5′,6′)=8.0, J_(2′,6′)=2.0 Hz, 1H, H6′), 7.35 (d, J_(2′,6′)=2.0 Hz, 1H, H2′),

(E)-N-(2-Aminophenyl)-[3-(3,4-bis(difluoromethoxyl)phenyl)]-2-propenamide

A suspension of (E)-3,4-bis(difluoromethoxy)phenyl-2-propenoic acid (0.16 g, 0.57 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was treated with oxalyl chloride (0.19 mL, 2.3 mmol) and catalytic DMF (1 drop). The solution was stirred at rt for 1 h and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give the acid chloride as a yellow solid. A solution of the acid chloride (0.57 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added to a cooled solution of o-phenylenediamine (0.62 g, 0.63 mmol) in pyridine (5.0 mL) at 0° C. The suspension was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, warmed to rt and stirred for 16 h and then acidified with 1 M HCl. The precipitate was collected by filtration providing (E)-2-[[3,4-bis(difluoromethoxy)phenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]amino]-5-chloro-N-methylbenzamide (10 mg, 5%) as a brown crystalline solid; mp 140-142° C.; δ_(H) (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ_(H) (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 5.03 (br s, 2H, NH₂), 6.56 (t, J_(4,5)=J_(5,6)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H4), 6.74 (d, J_(5,6)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H6), 6.89-6.92 (m, 3H, H5, CH═CHCO), 7.25 (t, J=74 Hz, 1H, OCHF₂), 7.26 (t, J=74 Hz, 1H, OCHF₂), 7.34 (d, J_(5′,6′)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H5′), 7.40 (s, 1H, H2′), 7.52-7.59 (m, H3, H6′, CH═CHCO), 9.41 (s, 1H, NH); δ_(C) (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 116.1, 116.3, 116.3 (t, J=259 Hz), 116.4 (t, J=259 Hz), 119.6, 121.1, 123.4, 123.7, 124.6, 125.8, 125.9, 133.3, 137.5, 141.4, 141.8, 142.4, 163.1; ν_(max) 755, 1036, 1261, 1502, 1615, 1656, 3221, 3371 cm⁻¹.

3,4-Bis(difluoromethoxy)acetophenone

Methylmagnesium chloride (3 M in THF, 0.95 mL, 2.8 mmol) was added to a cooled solution of 3,4-bis(difluoromethoxy)benzaldehyde (0.45 g, 1.9 mmol) in anhydrous THF (30 mL) at 0° C. The solution was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, warmed to rt and stirred for another 1 h. The solution was added to saturated aqueous NH₄Cl and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic fractions were washed with water, brine, dried and concentrated. The crude alcohol was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (25 mL) and 4 Å sieves (0.95 g) and PCC (0.61 g, 2.8 mmol) were added. The suspension was stirred at rt for 16 h and filtered through Celite. The crude product was purified by column chromatography, eluting with 10% EtOAc/petrol to give 3,4-bis(difluoromethoxy)acetophenone (0.41 g, 86%) as a colourless oil; δ_(H) (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 2.58 (s, 3H, CH₃), 6.58 (t, J=73 Hz, 1H, OCHF₂), 6.61 (t, J=73 Hz, 1H, OCHF₂), 7.32 (d, J_(5,6)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H5), 7.80-7.84 (m, 2H, H2, H6); δ_(C) (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 26.40, 115.3 (t, J=262 Hz), 115.5 (t, J=262 Hz), 121.1, 122.0, 126.9, 135.1, 141.9, 146.0 195.6; ν_(max) 1038, 1270, 1383, 1508, 1686, 2921, cm⁻¹.

(E)-Ethyl 3-(3,4-bis(difluoromethoxy)phenyl)-2-butenoate

Triethyl phosphonoacetate (0.50 mL, 2.5 mmol) was added to a stirred suspension of 60% w/w NaH (0.10 g, 2.4 mmol) in anhydrous THF (5.0 mL). The suspension was stirred at rt for 30 min and a solution of 3,4-bis(difluoromethoxy)acetophenone (0.40 g, 1.5 mmol) in anhydrous THF (5.0 mL) was added to the reaction mixture. The solution was stirred at rt for 16 h and quenched with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc, washed with water, brine, dried and concentrated. The crude product was purified by column chromatography, eluting with 5% EtOAc/petrol to give (E)-ethyl 3-(3,4-bis(difluoromethoxy)phenyl)-2-butenoate (0.36 g, 70%) as a colourless oil; δ_(H) (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 1.31 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H, CH₃), 2.54 (s, 3H, CH₃), 4.21 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H, CH₂), 6.09 (m, 1H, C═CH), 6.54 (t, J=73 Hz, 2H, OCHF₂), 7.25 (d, J_(5,6)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H5), 7.32-7.35 (m, 2H, H2, H6); δ_(C) (100 MHz, CDCl₃) 14.3, 17.8, 60.1, 115.6 (t, J=262 Hz), 115.7 (t, J=262 Hz), 118.4, 120.7, 122.0, 124.6, 140.9, 142.0, 142.7, 152.7, 166.3; ν_(max) 1036, 1379, 1508, 1709, 2987 cm⁻¹.

(E)-3-(3,4-Bis(difluoromethoxy)phenyl)-2-butenoic acid

Aqueous 1.0 M NaOH (20 mL) was added to a solution of (E)-ethyl 3-(3,4-bis(difluoromethoxy)phenyl)-2-butenoate (0.36 g, 1.1 mmol) in EtOH (20 mL). The solution was stirred at rt for 16 h and then concentrated under reduced pressure to remove the EtOH. The aqueous phase was acidified with 1 M HCl and extracted with EtOAc, washed with water, brine, dried and concentrated. The crude product was recrystallised from EtOH/water to afford (E)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-butenoic acid (0.28 g, 85%) as a colourless crystalline solid; mp 73-74° C.; δ_(H) (500 MHz, CDCl₃) 2.60 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 3H, CH₃), 6.15 (q, J=1.5 Hz, 1H, C═CH), 6.55 (t, J=73 Hz, 2H, OCHF₂), 7.28 (d, J_(5,6)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H5), 7.36-7.38 (m, 2H, H2, H6); δ_(C) (125 MHz, CDCl₃) 18.2, 115.6 (t, J=262 Hz), 115.7 (t, J=262 Hz), 117.2, 120.9, 122.1, 124.7, 140.6, 142.1, 143.1, 155.7, 170.1; ν_(max) 1042, 1254, 1621, 1692, 2926 cm⁻¹.

(E)-2-[[3-(3,4-bis(difluoromethoxyl)phenyl)-1-oxo-2-butenyl]amino]benzoic acid

A suspension of (E)-3-(3,4-bis(difluoromethoxy)phenyl)-2-butenoic acid (0.12 g, 0.41 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was treated with oxalyl chloride (0.14 mL, 1.6 mmol) and catalytic DMF (1 drop). The solution was stirred at rt for 16 h and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give the acid chloride as a yellow solid. A solution of the acid chloride (0.41 mmol) in pyridine (2.0 mL) was added to a cooled solution of anthranilic acid (0.12 g, 0.63 mmol) in pyridine (1.0 mL) at 0° C. The suspension was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, warmed to rt and stirred for 16 h and then acidified with 1 M HCl. The precipitate was collected by filtration and recrystallised from EtOH/water providing (E)-2-[[3-(3,4-bis(difluoromethoxyl)phenyl)-1-oxo-2-butenyl]amino]benzoic acid (35 mg, 21%) as a pale brown crystalline solid; mp 170-173° C.; δ_(H) (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 7.17 (t, J_(3,4)=J_(4,5)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H4), 7.25 (t, J=74 Hz, 1H, OCHF₂), 7.29 (t, J=74 Hz, 1H, OCHF₂), 7.39 (d, J_(5′,6′)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H5′), 7.54 (d, J_(5′,6′)=8.0, 1H, H6′), 7.56 (s, 1H, H2′), 7.60 (t, J_(4,5)=J_(5,6)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H5), 7.98 (d, J_(3,4)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H3), 8.50 (d, J_(5,6)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H6), 11.19 (s, 1H, NH); δ_(C) (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 17.0, 116.4 (t, J=258 Hz), 116.6 (t, J=258 Hz), 117.2, 119.0, 120.4, 120.8, 121.7, 122.9, 124.4, 131.1, 133.9, 139.9, 140.6, 141.6, 142.1, 149.1, 164.3, 169.3; ν_(max) 768, 1058, 1116, 1379, 1508, 1585, 1683, 3175 cm⁻¹.

The details of specific embodiments described in this invention are not to be construed as limitations. Various equivalents and modifications may be made without departing from the essence and scope of this invention, and it is understood that such equivalent embodiments are part of this invention. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A compound of Formula (I)

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, wherein: T is a single bond, a double bond or a triple bond; R¹, R⁴, and R⁵ are each independently selected from the group consisting of: H, halogen, OH, NO₂, CN, NH₂, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylamino, SR¹¹, SO₃H, SO₂NR¹¹R¹², SO₂R¹¹, SONR¹¹R¹², SOR¹¹, COR¹¹, COOH, COOR¹¹, CONR¹¹R¹², NR¹¹COR¹², NR¹¹COOR¹², NR¹¹SO₂R¹², NR¹¹CONR¹²R¹³, NR¹¹R¹², and acyl; at least one of R² and R³ is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy containing at least one halogen atom, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyloxy containing at least one halogen atom, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyloxy containing at least one halogen atom, and C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyloxy containing at least one halogen atom and the other R² or R³ is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyloxy and optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyloxy; or R² and R³ are combined to form —O—X—O— where X is optionally substituted C₁₋₁₂ alkyl containing at least one halogen atom; wherein at least one of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ is the group —O—CHF₂; R⁶ and R⁷ are present when T is a single bond or a double bond but not when T is a triple bond, each R⁶ and R⁷ being independently selected from the group consisting of: H, NO₂, CN, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylamino, SR¹¹, SO₃H, SO₂NR¹¹R¹², SO₂R¹¹, SONR¹¹R¹², SOR¹¹, COR¹¹, COOH, COOR¹¹, CONR¹¹R¹², NR¹¹COR¹², NR¹¹COOR¹²NR¹¹SO₂R¹², NR¹¹CONR¹²R¹³, NR¹¹R¹², and acyl; R⁸ is selected from the group consisting of: H, a N-protecting group, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryl, and optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryl; R⁹ is COOH; R¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of: H, halogen, OH, NO₂, CN, NH₂, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylamino, SR¹¹, SO₃H, SO₂NR¹¹R¹², SO₂R¹¹, SONR¹¹R¹², SOR¹¹, COR¹¹, COOH, COOR¹¹, CONR¹¹R¹², NR¹¹COR¹², NR¹¹COOR¹², NR¹¹SO₂R¹², NR¹¹CONR¹²R¹³, NR¹¹R¹², and acyl; each R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryl, and optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryl; and m is an integer selected from the group consisting of 0, 1, 2, 3, and
 4. 2. A compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least one of R¹, R², and R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy containing at least one halogen atom, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyloxy containing at least one halogen atom, and C₂-C₁₂ alkynyloxy containing at least one halogen atom.
 3. A compound as claimed in claim 2, wherein at least one of R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ has the Formula (II);

wherein: R¹⁴, R¹⁵, and R¹⁶ are each independently selected from the group consisting of: H, halogen, OH, NO₂, CN, NH₂, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, and optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl; R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, and R²⁰ are each independently selected from the group consisting of: H, halogen, OH, NO₂, CN, and NH₂; at least one of R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, and R²⁰ is or contains a halogen atom; q is an integer selected from the group consisting of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10; and r is an integer selected from the group consisting of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and
 10. 4. A compound as claimed in claim 3, wherein q and r are 0, and at least two of R¹⁴, R¹⁵, and R¹⁶ are a halogen.
 5. A compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein the halogen is fluorine.
 6. A compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least R² and R³ are the group —O—CHF₂.
 7. A compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein T is a double bond or a triple bond.
 8. A compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein R¹⁰ is halogen.
 9. A compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein m is
 1. 10. A compound of Formula (III)

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, wherein: R¹, R⁴, and R⁵ are each independently selected from the group consisting of: H, halogen, OH, NO₂, CN, NH₂, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylamino, SR¹¹, SO₃H, SO₂NR¹¹R¹², SO₂R¹¹, SONR¹¹R¹², SOR¹¹, COR¹¹, COOH, COOR¹¹, CONR¹¹R¹², NR¹¹COR¹², NR¹¹COOR¹², NR¹¹SO₂R¹², NR¹¹CONR¹²R¹³, NR¹¹R¹², and acyl; provided that at least one of R¹, R², R⁴, and R⁵ contains a halogen atom; R² is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy containing at least one halogen atom, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyloxy and optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyloxy; R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from the group consisting of: H, NO₂, CN, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylamino, SR¹¹, SO₃H, SO₂NR¹¹R¹², SO₂R¹¹, SONR¹¹R¹², SOR¹¹, COR¹¹, COOH, COOR¹¹, CONR¹¹R¹², NR¹¹COR¹², NR¹¹COOR¹², NR¹SO₂R¹², NR¹¹CONR¹²R¹³, NR¹¹R¹², and acyl R⁸ is selected from the group consisting of: H, a N-protecting group, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂alkynyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈aryl, and optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈heteroaryl; R⁹ is COOH, R¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of: H, halogen, OH, NO₂, CN, NH₂, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylamino, SR¹¹, SO₃H, SO₂NR¹¹R¹², SO₂R¹¹, SONR¹¹R¹², SOR¹¹, COR¹¹, COOH, COOR¹¹, CONR¹¹R¹², NR¹¹COR¹², NR¹¹COOR¹², NR¹¹SO₂R¹², NR¹¹CONR¹²R¹³, NR¹¹R¹², and acyl; each R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂alkynyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈aryl, and optionally substituted C₁₋₁₈heteroaryl; and m is an integer selected from the group consisting of 0, 1, 2, 3, and
 4. 11. A compound as claimed in claim 10, wherein R² is the group —O—CHF₂.
 12. A compound as claimed in claim 10, wherein R² is selected from the group consisting of: optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy containing at least one halogen atom and optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyloxy.
 13. A compound as claimed in claim 10, wherein R¹ is the group —O—CHF₂.
 14. A compound as claimed in claim 10, wherein R⁴ is the group —O—CHF₂.
 15. A compound as claimed in claim 10, wherein R⁵ is the group —O—CHF₂.
 16. A compound as claimed in claim 10, wherein R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of: optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy and optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyloxy.
 17. A compound as claimed in claim 10, wherein R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from the group consisting of: H, and optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl.
 18. A compound of Formula (V)

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, wherein: R¹, R⁴, and R⁵ are each independently selected from the group consisting of: H, halogen, OH, NO₂, CN, NH₂, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylamino, SR¹¹, SO₃H, SO₂NR¹¹R¹², SO₂R¹¹, SONR¹¹R¹², SOR¹¹, COR¹¹, COOH, COOR¹¹, CONR¹¹R¹², NR¹¹COR¹², NR¹¹COOR¹², NR¹¹SO₂R¹², NR¹¹CONR¹²R¹³, NR¹¹R¹², and acyl; provided that at least one of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ contains a halogen atom; R⁸ is selected from the group consisting of: H, an N-protecting group, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈aryl, and optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryl; R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of: COOR¹¹, CONR¹¹R¹², and NR¹¹R¹²; R¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of: H, halogen, OH, NO₂, CN, NH₂, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyloxy, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylamino, SR¹¹, SO₃H, SO₂NR¹¹R¹², SO₂R¹¹, SONR¹¹R¹², SOR¹¹, COR¹¹, COOH, COOR¹¹, CONR¹¹R¹², NR¹¹COR¹², NR¹¹COOR¹², NR¹¹SO₂R¹², NR¹¹CONR¹²R¹³, NR¹¹R¹², and acyl; each R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₁₂ heterocycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryl, and optionally substituted C₁-C₁₈ heteroaryl; and m is an integer selected from the group consisting of 0, 1, 2, 3, and
 4. 19. A compound as claimed in claim 1 selected from the group consisting of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof. 